中国传统文化英语词汇及简介（附对照翻译）讲义 2023届高考英语复习.doc

中国传统文化英语词汇及素材 Laba Festival (腊八节) Laba Festival is a traditional Chinese holiday that falls on the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month. People usually celebrate this festival by eating Laba porridge. Laba porridge is made by boiling a mixture of grains and dried fruits, symbolizing a bountiful harvest and happiness. 腊八节是农历十二月初八日，是中国的传统节日。人们通常 会吃腊八粥来庆祝这一节日。腊八粥是由多种杂粮和干果熬制而成，寓意着丰收和幸福。 New Year's Eve (除夕) New Year's Eve is the last day of the lunar year and one of the most important traditional holidays in China. People usually celebrate by having a big family dinner, setting off fireworks, putting up couplets, staying up late, and other activities. It is also a day for family reunion. 除夕是农历年的最后一天，也是中国最重要的传统节日之一。人们通常会吃年夜饭、放烟花、贴春 联、守岁等方式庆祝。这一天也是全家团聚的日子。 Spring Festival (春节) Spring Festival is one of the most important traditional holidays in Chinese culture, usually celebrated on the first day of the lunar new year. People usually celebrate by putting up couplets, hanging lanterns, setting off firecrackers, making dumplings, and other activities. This festival also marks the beginning of a new year, and people exchange greetings and blessings. 春节是中国传统文化中最重要的节日之一，通常在农历年的正月初一庆祝。人们通常会贴对联、挂 灯笼、放鞭炮、包饺子等方式庆祝。这一节日也标志着新的一年的开始，人们会互相拜年祝福。 Lantern Festival (元宵节) Lantern Festival is an important traditional holiday in Chinese culture, usually celebrated on the fifteenth day of the lunar new year. People usually celebrate by eating tangyuan (glutinous rice balls), setting off sky lanterns, guessing lantern riddles, and other activities. This festival also marks the end of the Spring Festival. 元 宵节是中国传统文化中的一个重要节日，通常在农历正月十五庆祝。人们通常会吃汤圆、放孔明灯 、猜灯谜等方式庆祝。这一节日也标志着春节的结束。 Qingming Festival (清明节) Qingming Festival is a traditional Chinese holiday usually celebrated on April 4th or 5th, around the time of the vernal equinox. People usually visit their ancestors' graves, offer flowers, burn incense, and pay respect to the departed. They also participate in other activities such as flying kites and enjoying the spring weather. 清 明节是一个传统的中国节日，通常在春分前后的 4 月 4 日或 5 日庆祝。人们通常会前往祖先的墓 地，献花、烧香，并向已故亲人致敬。他们还会参加其他活动，如放风筝和享受春天的天气。 Qixi Festival (七夕节) Qixi Festival, also known as Chinese Valentine's Day, is a traditional holiday that falls on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month. It is a romantic holiday that celebrates the legendary story of the Cowherd and Weaver Girl. People usually celebrate by exchanging gifts, making wishes, and looking at the stars, as it is believed that the stars Vega and Altair, representing the Cowherd and Weaver Girl, can only meet once a year on this day. 七夕节，也被称为中国情人节，是一个传统的节日， 通常在农历七月初七庆祝。它是一个浪漫的节日，庆祝牛郎织女的传奇故事。人们通常会通过交换 礼物、许愿和仰望星空来庆祝，因为据信牛郎和织女所代表的星辰——织女星和牛郎星，在这一天 只能相遇一次。 Mid-Autumn Festival (中秋节) Mid-Autumn Festival is a traditional Chinese holiday usually celebrated on the fifteenth day of the eighth lunar month. It is a harvest festival that celebrates the full moon and family reunion. People usually celebrate by eating mooncakes, admiring the moon, and spending time with their families. It is also a day for expressing gratitude and making wishes. 中秋节是一个传统的中国节日，通常在农历八月十五日庆祝。它是一个庆祝 丰收、赏月和家庭团聚的节日。人们通常会吃月饼、赏月、和家人一起度过这一节日。这也是一个 表达感激和许愿的日子。 Double Ninth Festival (重阳节) Double Ninth Festival is a traditional Chinese holiday usually celebrated on the ninth day of the ninth lunar month. It is a day for paying respect to the elderly and climbing mountains. People usually celebrate by climbing mountains, drinking chrysanthemum wine, eating Chongyang cakes, and spending time with their families. It is also a day for promoting health and longevity. 重阳节是一个传统的中国节日，通常在农历九月初九庆祝 。这是一个尊老、登高的节日。人们通常会攀登山峰、喝菊花酒、吃重阳糕，并与家人共度时光。 这也是一个促进健康长寿的日子。 Spring Festival Couplets (春联) Spring Festival couplets are a traditional decoration for Chinese New Year. They are two lines of poetry that are written on strips of red paper and then posted on both sides of the front door. The couplets are believed to bring good luck and prosperity for the coming year. The content of the couplets is usually related to the themes of good fortune, health, happiness, and peace. 春联是中国新年的传统装饰品。它们是写在红色纸条 上的两行诗句，贴在前门的两侧。据信春联能够为新的一年带来好运和繁荣。春联的内容通常与好 运、健康、幸福和平安有关。 New Year's Greetings (拜年) New Year's Greetings, or bai nian in Chinese, is a tradition in which people pay respects and give greetings to their family members, friends, and acquaintances during the Chinese New Year. It is a way of expressing good wishes for the coming year and showing respect to one's elders. People usually say "Happy New Year" or "Wishing you good fortune and prosperity" when they greet each other during this time. 拜年是中国新年期间的一项传统，人们会向家人、朋友和熟人致意并送上祝福。这是表达对 未来一年的美好祝愿和对长辈的尊敬的方式。人们在这个时候通常会说“新年快乐”或“祝你财源滚 滚，福运连连”。 Beijing Roast Duck (北京烤鸭) Beijing Roast Duck is a famous dish in Chinese cuisine, originating from the city of Beijing. The dish is made by roasting a duck until the skin is crispy and the meat is tender. The duck is typically served with thin pancakes, sliced cucumbers, scallions, and sweet bean sauce. Eating Beijing Roast Duck is a must-try experience for anyone visiting Beijing. 北京烤鸭是中国菜系中著名的菜品，起源于北京市。这道菜是将鸭子烤至皮脆肉 嫩而制成的。通常会配上薄薄的饼皮、黄瓜片、葱末和甜面酱。吃北京烤鸭是任何来北京的人必须 尝试的经历。 Soy Milk (豆浆) Soy Milk is a traditional Chinese drink made from soybeans. It is a popular breakfast drink in China and is often served with fried dough sticks, also known as youtiao. Soy milk is a healthy and nutritious alternative to cow's milk, as it is low in fat and cholesterol and high in protein and fiber. 豆浆是一种由黄豆制成的传统中国饮品。它是中国 受欢迎的早餐饮料，通常会搭配油条一起食用。豆浆是一种健康营养的牛奶替代品，因为它低脂低 胆固醇，富含蛋白质和纤维。 Steamed Buns (馒头) Steamed buns, also known as mantou, are a staple food in Chinese cuisine. They are made from wheat flour, yeast, and water, and are usually served as a side dish to a main course. Steamed buns are soft, fluffy, and slightly sweet, and can be filled with a variety of savory or sweet fillings, such as pork, vegetables, or red bean paste. 馒头是 中国菜系中的主食，也称为“馒头”。它是由小麦粉、酵母和水制成的，通常作为主菜的配菜。馒头 口感柔软、松软，略带甜味，可以填充各种口味的咸或甜馅料，如猪肉、蔬菜或红豆沙等。 Hot Pot (火锅) Hot pot is a popular Chinese dish that is enjoyed by people across the country. It involves cooking a variety of raw ingredients in a simmering pot of broth at the center of the table, and then dipping the cooked ingredients in a variety of dipping sauces. Hot pot is a great social dining experience that brings people together and allows them to enjoy a variety of flavors and textures. 火锅是一道在中国受欢迎的美食，被人们广 泛地喜爱。它的做法是将各种生食材料放入桌子中央的滚烫热汤中煮熟，然后蘸上各种蘸料食用。 火锅是一种极佳的社交餐饮体验，可以让人们聚在一起品尝各种口味和风味。 Spring Rolls (春卷) Spring rolls are a type of Chinese appetizer that are enjoyed around the world. They are made from a variety of fillings, such as shredded vegetables, pork, and shrimp, which are wrapped in a thin pastry wrapper and deep-fried until crispy. Spring rolls are often served as an appetizer or snack and can be dipped in a variety of sauces for added flavor. 春卷是一种中国式的开胃菜，在世界各地都广受欢迎。它的制作原料有多种，如切 成丝的蔬菜、猪肉和虾，这些馅料包裹在薄饼皮中炸至酥脆。春卷通常作为开胃菜或零食食用，并 可以蘸上各种酱汁增添口味。 Fried Sauce Noodles (炸酱面) Fried sauce noodles, also known as zhajiangmian, are a popular noodle dish in China. The dish consists of thick wheat noodles topped with a savory sauce made from stirfried ground pork or soybean paste, along with vegetables such as cucumber and bean sprouts. Fried sauce noodles are a comforting and flavorful dish that can be enjoyed for lunch or dinner. 炸酱面，又称为“炸酱面”，是中国一道受欢迎的面食。这道菜由粗 面条和由炒熟的碎猪肉或黄酱制成的咸酱料，配上黄瓜和豆芽等蔬菜。炸酱面是一道美味可口的菜 肴，适合作为午餐或晚餐食用。 Ma Hua (麻花) Ma Hua is a traditional Chinese snack that is popular in northern China. It is made by twisting two ropes of dough together, deep-frying them, and then coating them in a sweet syrup. Ma Hua has a crispy texture on the outside and is soft and chewy on the inside. It is often enjoyed as a snack with a cup of tea or as a gift during holidays. 麻花 是中国北方地区受欢迎的传统小吃。制作方法是将两根面团绞在一起，然后油炸，再涂上一层甜糖 浆。麻花外脆内软，常常作为小吃搭配一杯茶食用，或在节日时作为礼物赠送。 Zongzi (粽子) Zongzi is a traditional Chinese food that is commonly eaten during the Dragon Boat Festival, which falls on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month. It is made by wrapping glutinous rice, along with a variety of fillings such as pork, peanuts, and preserved eggs, in bamboo leaves and then steaming them. Zongzi has a sweet and savory flavor and a soft, sticky texture. 粽子是中国传统食品，通常在农历五月初五的端午节期间食用 。它由糯米和各种馅料（如猪肉、花生和咸鸭蛋）裹在竹叶中蒸制而成。粽子有甜味和咸味，质地 软糯。 La Mian (拉面) La Mian is a type of Chinese noodle that is made by hand-pulling wheat dough until it forms long, thin strands. It is often served in a savory broth and topped with meat and vegetables. La Mian is a popular street food in China and can be found in many small restaurants and food stalls. 拉面是一种中国面条，是通过手工拉面来制作的。通常它会放在口味浓郁的汤汁中，上面再加上肉 和蔬菜等配料。拉面是中国的一种流行街头食品，在很多小餐馆和摊位都能买到。 Huntun (馄饨) Huntun, also known as Wonton, is a type of Chinese dumpling that is commonly found in Northern China. It is made by wrapping a thin sheet of dough around a filling made of ground pork, shrimp, and other ingredients, and then boiling it in a flavorful broth. Huntun is usually served in a hot soup and is often eaten as a snack or as a meal. 馄饨，也叫云吞，是中国北方常见的一种饺子。它由一张薄饺皮包裹着猪肉末、虾仁和其他馅料， 然后在味道浓郁的汤中煮熟。馄饨通常在热汤中食用，是一种常见的小吃或正餐。 Doufu (豆腐) Doufu, also known as tofu, is a popular ingredient in Chinese cuisine. It is made from soy milk that is coagulated and then pressed into solid blocks. Doufu has a soft and delicate texture and a mild, slightly sweet taste. It is often used in soups, stir-fries, and as a meat substitute in vegetarian dishes. 豆腐是中国菜肴中的一种流行食材，它是由豆浆凝固后压成块状的。豆腐质地柔软细腻，味道略带 甜味。它常常被用来做汤、炒菜，或者作为素菜中代替肉类的食材。 Shiji (史记) Shiji, or Records of the Grand Historian, is a comprehensive historical text written by the Han dynasty historian Sima Qian in the 2nd century BC. It covers Chinese history from the Yellow Emperor to the early Han dynasty and is divided into 130 chapters, including biographies of important figures, chronologies of events, and discussions of topics such as astronomy, music, and agriculture. 史记是汉代史学家司马迁于公元前 2 世纪所撰写的一部全面的历史文献。它涵盖了从黄帝到汉初的 中国历史，分为 130 个章节，包括重要人物传记、事件年表以及天文学、音乐、农业等主题的讨 论。 Shijing (诗经) Shijing, also known as the Book of Songs or Classic of Poetry, is the oldest existing collection of Chinese poetry, compiled during the Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BC). It consists of 305 poems in total, many of which are folk songs that provide insight into the social, cultural, and political aspects of ancient Chinese life. 诗经，也称《诗》或《诗经》，是中国现存最古老的诗歌集，编纂于周朝（公元前 1046 年至公元 前 256 年）。它总共包含 305 首诗歌，其中许多是民间歌曲，提供了关于古代中国生活的社会、 文化和政治方面的见解。 Chunqiu (春秋) Chunqiu, or the Spring and Autumn Annals, is a chronicle of the state of Lu during the Spring and Autumn period (771–476 BC) of ancient China. It is attributed to Confucius and is considered to be one of the Five Classics of Chinese literature. Chunqiu is a historical record that covers the political, social, and military events of the state of Lu and its neighboring states during this period. 春秋，或称《春秋纪事》，是中国古代春秋时期（公元前 771 年至公元前 476 年）鲁国的编年 史。它被认为是五部中国经典文学之一，据传是孔子所著。春秋是一份历史记录，涵盖了鲁国及其 周边国家在这个时期的政治、社会和军事事件。 Lunyu (论语): Lunyu, also known as the Analects of Confucius, is a collection of sayings and teachings attributed to Confucius and his disciples. It is considered to be one of the most important works in the Confucian canon and has had a significant impact on Chinese philosophy and culture. Lunyu emphasizes the importance of personal morality, education, and the cultivation of virtue in achieving a harmonious society. 《论语》，又称《论语集注》，是一部归功于孔子和他的弟子的言论和教诲的集合。它被认为是儒 家经典中最重要的著作之一，并对中国哲学和文化产生了重要影响。《论语》强调了个人道德、教 育和培养美德在实现和谐社会方面的重要性。 Sanguo Yanyi (三国演义) Sanguo Yanyi, or Romance of the Three Kingdoms, is a historical novel written by Luo Guanzhong during the Ming dynasty. It tells the story of the turbulent period of the Three Kingdoms (220-280 AD) in Chinese history, with a focus on the lives of the key figures involved. The novel is a masterpiece of Chinese literature and has been widely read and adapted in various forms of media. 《三国演义》是明朝时期罗贯中所著的一部历史小说。它讲述了中国历史上动荡的三国时期（公元 220 年至 280 年）的故事，重点关注参与其中的关键人物的生活。这部小说是中国文学的杰作，被 广泛阅读和改编为各种形式的媒体。 Shuihu Zhuan (水浒传) Shuihu Zhuan, also known as Water Margin or Outlaws of the Marsh, is a novel written during the Ming dynasty. It tells the story of a group of 108 outlaws who rose up against corrupt officials and powerful landlords during the Song dynasty (960-1279 AD). The novel is known for its colorful characters, exciting action, and themes of justice and loyalty. 《水浒传》是明朝时期的一部小说，也被称为《水滸傳》或《湖南通志》。它讲述了宋朝（公元 960 年至 1279 年）期间一群 108 个义贼反抗腐败官员和强大地主的故事。这部小说以其丰富多 彩的角色、激动人心的动作和正义与忠诚的主题而闻名。 Xiyouji (西游记) Xiyouji, also known as Journey to the West, is a classic Chinese novel written during the Ming dynasty. It tells the story of the monk Xuanzang and his journey to India to obtain Buddhist scriptures, accompanied by his three disciples, including the famous Monkey King. The novel is known for its colorful characters, supernatural events, and profound Buddhist themes. 《西游记》是明朝时期的一部经典中国小说。它讲述了僧人玄奘取得佛经的旅程，他带着三个徒 弟，包括著名的孙悟空一起前往印度。这部小说以其丰富多彩的角色、超自然事件和深刻的佛教主 题而闻名。 Hongloumeng (红楼梦) Hongloumeng, also known as Dream of the Red Chamber, is a masterpiece of Chinese literature written during the Qing dynasty. It tells the story of the decline of a wealthy and influential family in imperial China, and explores themes of love, family, power, and social status. The novel is known for its intricate characterizations, rich symbolism, and insightful social commentary. 《红楼梦》是清朝时期的一部中国文学巨著。它讲述了一个富有有影响力的家族在中国帝国时代的 衰落，探讨了爱情、家庭、权力和社会地位等主题。这部小说以其精细的人物刻画、丰富的象征主 义和深刻的社会评论而闻名。 Shanhaijing (山海经) Shanhaijing, also known as Classic of Mountains and Seas, is an ancient Chinese text dating back to the Warring States period (475-221 BC). It is a collection of myths, legends, and geographical descriptions of various regions in China. The text has had a significant influence on Chinese mythology, folklore, and culture, and has been an important source of inspiration for Chinese art and literature. 《山海经》是一部古老的中国文本，可以追溯到战国时期（公元前 475 年至 221 年）。它是中国 各个地区神话、传说和地理描述的集合。这个文本对中国神话、民间故事和文化产生了重要影响， 并成为中国艺术和文学的重要灵感来源。 Sanzijing (三字经) Sanzijing, also known as Three Character Classic, is a classic Chinese text that has been used as a primer for teaching children Chinese language and Confucian values for over 700 years. The text consists of 1,140 characters and covers the basics of Confucian philosophy, Chinese history, and ethical values. 《三字经》是中国经典的著作之一，被用作教授儿童中文语言和儒家价值观的启蒙读物已有 700 多 年的历史。这本书包含 1140 个汉字，涵盖了儒家哲学、中国历史和伦理价值观的基础知识。 Zizhi Tongjian (资治通鉴) Zizhi Tongjian is a comprehensive history of China written by the historian Sima Guang during the Song dynasty. The work covers a period of over 1,300 years from the Warring States period (475-221 BC) to the Five Dynasties period (907-960 AD). It is known for its detailed and accurate historical records and its analysis of political and social trends. 《资治通鉴》是中国历史学家司马光在宋朝写成的一部综合性中国历史著作。这部著作涵盖了从战 国时期（公元前 475 年至 221 年）到五代时期（907 年-960 年）超过 1300 年的历史。它以其详 尽准确的历史记录和对政治和社会趋势的分析而著称。 Sanzijing (三字经) Sanzijing, also known as Three Character Classic, is a classic Chinese text that has been used as a primer for teaching children Chinese language and Confucian values for over 700 years. The text consists of 1,140 characters and covers the basics of Confucian philosophy, Chinese history, and ethical values. 《三字经》是中国经典的著作之一，被用作教授儿童中文语言和儒家价值观的启蒙读物已有 700 多 年的历史。这本书包含 1140 个汉字，涵盖了儒家哲学、中国历史和伦理价值观的基础知识。 Zizhi Tongjian (资治通鉴) Zizhi Tongjian is a comprehensive history of China written by the historian Sima Guang during the Song dynasty. The work covers a period of over 1,300 years from the Warring States period (475-221 BC) to the Five Dynasties period (907-960 AD). It is known for its detailed and accurate historical records and its analysis of political and social trends. 《资治通鉴》是中国历史学家司马光在宋朝写成的一部综合性中国历史著作。这部著作涵盖了从战 国时期（公元前 475 年至 221 年）到五代时期（907 年-960 年）超过 1300 年的历史。它以其详 尽准确的历史记录和对政治和社会趋势的分析而著称。 Great Wall (长城) The Great Wall is a series of fortifications built across the northern borders of China to protect against invasion. The wall was first constructed in the 7th century BC and was expanded and rebuilt over the centuries. Today, the Great Wall is one of the most popular tourist destinations in China, and is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. 长城是一系列的防御工事，沿着中国北部的边境建造，以保护免受侵略。长城最初建于公元前 7 世 纪，后来在几个世纪内不断扩建和重建。今天，长城是中国最受欢迎的旅游目的地之一，被联合国 教科文组织认定为世界文化遗产。 Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor (秦始皇陵) The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is the final resting place of Emperor Qin Shi Huang, who unified China and founded the Qin dynasty in 221 BC. The mausoleum is located in Shaanxi province and is best known for the Terracotta Army, a collection of life-sized terracotta statues that were buried with the emperor. 秦始皇陵是中国第一位皇帝秦始皇的陵墓，他于公元前 221 年统一了中国，建立了秦朝。陵墓位于 陕西省，最著名的是兵马俑，这是一组真人大小的陶土雕像，埋葬在皇帝身边。 Terracotta Army (兵马俑) The Terracotta Army is a collection of life-sized terracotta statues that were buried with the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang, to protect him in the afterlife. The army consists of thousands of soldiers, horses, and chariots, each with unique features and expressions. The Terracotta Army is considered one of the greatest archaeological finds of the 20th century and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. 兵马俑是真人大小的陶土雕像，是与中国第一位皇帝秦始皇一起埋葬的，目的是保护他在来世中。 兵马俑由数千名士兵、马匹和战车组成，每个雕像都有独特的特点和表情。兵马俑被认为是 20 世 纪最伟大的考古发现之一，是联合国教科文组织的世界文化遗产。 Mogao Caves (莫高窟) The Mogao Caves are a network of Buddhist temples and grottoes located in Dunhuang, Gansu province. The site contains thousands of wall paintings and statues that were created over a period of a thousand years, from the 4th to the 14th century. The Mogao Caves are recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and are considered one of the most important repositories of Buddhist art in the world. 莫高窟是位于甘肃省敦煌市的一组佛教寺庙和石窟。该遗址包含成千上万的壁画和雕塑，这些作品 在 1000 年的时间里创作，从公元 4 世纪到 14 世纪。莫高窟被认定为联合国教科文组织的世界文 化遗产，被认为是世界上最重要的佛教艺术收藏之一。 Drum Tower (鼓楼) The Drum Tower is a landmark of Beijing located in the city's central Dongcheng district. Originally built in the 13th century, the tower was used to signal the time of day with the beating of drums. Today, visitors can climb to the top of the tower for a panoramic view of the city. 鼓楼是位于北京市中心东城区的地标建筑。这座建筑最初建于 13 世纪，用于敲鼓报时。今天，游 客可以爬上鼓楼顶端，俯瞰城市的全景。 Forbidden City (故宫) The Forbidden City is a complex of palaces and administrative buildings located in the center of Beijing. It was the imperial palace of the Ming and Qing dynasties, and is now a museum that attracts millions of visitors every year. The Forbidden City is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is considered one of the most important cultural relics of China. 故宫是位于北京市中心的一组宫殿和行政建筑。它是明清两代的皇宫，现在是一个博物馆，每年吸 引着数以百万计的游客。故宫被认定为联合国教科文组织的世界文化遗产，被认为是中国最重要的 文化遗产之一。 Temple of Heaven (天坛) The Temple of Heaven is a complex of religious buildings located in the southeastern part of Beijing. It was originally constructed in the early 15th century during the Ming dynasty as a site for emperors to perform rituals and make offerings to the gods. The Temple of Heaven is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is considered a masterpiece of Chinese architecture and landscape design. 天坛是位于北京市东南部的一组宗教建筑。它最初建于 15 世纪初明朝时期，是皇帝进行祭祀和向 神祈福的场所。天坛被认定为联合国教科文组织的世界文化遗产，被认为是中国建筑和景观设计的 杰作。 West Lake (西湖) West Lake is a large freshwater lake located in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province. It has been a popular tourist destination for centuries, and is known for its picturesque scenery and cultural significance. The lake is surrounded by hills, gardens, temples, and historic buildings, and has been the subject of many poems and paintings throughout Chinese history. 西湖是位于浙江省杭州市的一座大型淡水湖泊。几个世纪以来，它一直是一个受欢迎的旅游胜地， 以其如画的风景和文化意义而闻名。湖泊被山丘、花园、寺庙和历史建筑所环绕，成为中国历史上 许多诗歌和绘画的题材。 Sun Moon Lake (日月潭) Sun Moon Lake is a scenic lake located in the mountains of Nantou County, Taiwan. It is the largest lake in Taiwan and is known for its clear blue waters and surrounding natural scenery. The area around the lake is home to several aboriginal tribes and has become a popular destination for cultural tourism in recent years. 日月潭是位于台湾南投县山区的一座风景秀丽的湖泊。它是台湾最大的湖泊，以其清澈的蓝色水域 和周围的自然景观而闻名。湖泊周围地区是几个原住民部落的家园，近年来已成为文化旅游的热门 目的地。 Ming Tombs (明十三陵) The Ming Tombs are a group of imperial tombs located in a valley in Changping District, Beijing. Thirteen emperors of the Ming dynasty are buried there, along with their empresses and concubines. The tombs were built between the early 15th and mid-17th centuries, and are known for their grandeur and historical significance. The Ming Tombs are also recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. 明十三陵是位于北京市昌平区的一组皇家陵墓。明朝的十三位皇帝、皇后和妃嫔被安葬在这里。这 些陵墓建于 15 世纪初到 17 世纪中期，以其宏伟和历史意义而闻名。明十三陵也被联合国教科文组 织认定为世界文化遗产。 Suzhou Gardens (苏州园林) The Suzhou Gardens are a group of classical gardens located in Suzhou, Jiangsu province. They are known for their unique design and cultural significance, and have been influential in the development of Chinese garden design. The gardens were built between the 11th and 19th centuries, and feature elements such as artificial hills, ponds, pavilions, and rock formations. The Suzhou Gardens are recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. 苏州园林是位于江苏省苏州市的一组古典园林。它们以其独特的设计和文化意义而闻名，并对中国 园林设计的发展产生了影响。这些园林建于 11 世纪至 19 世纪，拥有人工山丘、池塘、亭台和石景 等元素。苏州园林也被联合国教科文组织认定为世界文化遗产。 Four Great Inventions (四大发明) The Four Great Inventions refer to the four major inventions of ancient China, including papermaking, printing, gunpowder, and the compass. These inventions had a profound impact on the development of human civilization and still play a vital role in modern society. 四大发明指古代中国的四项主要发明，包括造纸术、印刷术、火药和指南针。这些发明对人类文明 的发展产生了深远的影响，在现代社会仍然发挥着至关重要的作用。 Gunpowder (火药) Gunpowder, also known as black powder, was invented in China during the Tang dynasty. It is a mixture of sulfur, charcoal, and saltpeter, and was initially used in fireworks and later in military applications such as cannons and guns. The invention of gunpowder revolutionized warfare and had a significant impact on the course of human history. 火药，也称黑火药，是在唐朝时期由中国发明的。它是硫磺、木炭和硝石的混合物，最初用于制作 烟花，后来用于军事应用，如火炮和枪支。火药的发明彻底改变了战争方式，对人类历史的进程产 生了重大影响。 Printing (印刷术) Printing, or movable type printing, was invented in China during the Song dynasty. It involves using individual type blocks to create printed pages, allowing for the mass production of books and other printed materials. The invention of printing had a significant impact on the dissemination of knowledge and the spread of ideas, and is considered one of the most important inventions in human history. 印刷术，或可移动活字印刷术，是在宋朝时期由中国发明的。它利用单个铅字块创建印刷页面，可 以大量生产书籍和其他印刷材料。印刷的发明对知识的传播和思想的传播产生了重大影响，被认为 是人类历史上最重要的发明之一。 Paper-making (造纸术) Paper-making is one of the Four Great Inventions of ancient China. It was invented in the Han Dynasty over 2,000 years ago. The paper-making process involves using fibers from materials like bark and bamboo to make a pulp, which is then spread out and dried into thin sheets. This innovation had a huge impact on the spread of knowledge, as it made it much easier to record and disseminate information. 造纸术是中国古代的四大发明之一。它起源于两千多年前的汉朝。造纸的过程涉及使用来自树皮和 竹子等材料的纤维制成浆糊，然后将其铺开并晾干成薄片。这一创新对知识的传播产生了巨大影 响，因为它使记录和传播信息变得更加容易。 Compass (指南针) The compass, also known as the magnetic needle, was invented in China during the Han Dynasty. The device was used for navigation, and helped sailors and travelers to find their way by using the Earth's magnetic field to determine direction. The invention of the compass was a major advancement in navigation technology, and had a significant impact on exploration, trade, and warfare. 指南针，也称磁针，是中国在汉朝期间发明的。这个装置被用于导航，帮助水手和旅行者利用地球 的磁场确定方向。指南针的发明是导航技术的一大进步，并对探险、贸易和战争产生了重大影响。 Chinese knot (中国结) Chinese knot is a decorative handicraft that has a long history in China. It is made by tying a series of interlocking knots with a single cord or multiple cords of different colors. The knots are often arranged in symmetrical patterns and used as decorative items for clothing, accessories, and home decor. In traditional Chinese culture, Chinese knots are considered to be a symbol of good luck, prosperity, and happiness. 中国结是中国历史悠久的装饰手工艺品。它是通过用单根或多根不同颜色的绳子系出一系列交错的 结而制成的。结经常被排列成对称的图案，用作服装、配饰和家居装饰的装饰品。在传统的中国文 化中，中国结被认为是好运、繁荣和幸福的象征。 Bronze Ware (青铜器) Bronze ware is an ancient type of metalwork that was popular in China during the Shang and Zhou dynasties. It involved casting bronze into a variety of different shapes and designs, including vessels, weapons, and decorative objects. Bronze was highly valued in ancient China, not just for its practical uses but also for its symbolic significance as a material associated with power and prestige. 青铜器是中国商周时期流行的古代金属工艺品。它涉及将青铜铸成各种不同的形状和设计，包括器 皿、武器和装饰品。在古代中国，青铜不仅因其实用价值而备受重视，还因其象征意义成为与权力 和声望相关的材料。 Porcelain (瓷器) Porcelain is a type of ceramic material that has been produced in China for thousands of years. It is known for its thinness, translucency, and durability, and was highly prized as a luxury item both within China and around the world. Porcelain production involves mixing various types of clay with water, forming the mixture into a shape, and then firing it at a high temperature to create a hard, glass-like material. 瓷器是中国数千年来生产的一种陶瓷材料。它以其薄、透明和耐用而闻名，并被中国和世界各地视 为奢侈品。瓷器的制作涉及将各种类型的黏土与水混合，将混合物成形，然后在高温下烧制，以创 建一种坚硬的玻璃状材料。 Embroidery (刺绣) Embroidery is a traditional Chinese craft that involves decorating fabric with needle and thread. It has a long history in China and has been used to create a variety of different items, including clothing, bedding, and decorative hangings. Embroidery in China often incorporates intricate designs and patterns that are symbolic of different cultural and religious beliefs, and it is highly valued as a form of artistic expression. 刺绣是一种传统的中国手工艺，涉及使用针和线装饰织物。它在中国有着悠久的历史，用于制作各 种不同的物品，包括衣服、床上用品和装饰挂毯。中国的刺绣经常融入复杂的设计和图案，这些设 计和图案具有不同的文化和宗教信仰象征意义，并且作为一种艺术表达形式备受重视。 Traditional Chinese Medicine (中药) Traditional Chinese Medicine, or TCM, is a system of medical practices that has been used in China for over 2,000 years. It is based on the concept of Qi, which is the vital energy that flows through the body. TCM includes the use of herbal medicines, acupuncture, massage, and other techniques to promote health and treat illness. It has gained popularity around the world and is recognized as a valuable alternative or complementary approach to Western medicine. 中药是一种医学实践体系，已在中国使用了 2000 多年。它基于气的概念，气是流经身体的生命力 能量。中药包括使用草药、针灸、按摩和其他技术来促进健康和治疗疾病。中药在全球范围内得到 了广泛的推广，并被认为是西方医学的一种有价值的替代或补充方法。 Siheyuan (四合院) Siheyuan is a traditional style of Chinese architecture that dates back to the Ming Dynasty. It is a type of courtyard house that is surrounded by four buildings, creating a square or rectangular shape. The central courtyard is typically used for gatherings, ceremonies, and leisure activities. Siheyuan is an important part of China's cultural heritage and can be found in many areas of Beijing and other parts of northern China. 四合院是中国传统建筑风格，可以追溯到明朝。它是一种四合院式的住宅，被四栋建筑物所包围， 形成一个正方形或矩形的形状。中央庭院通常用于聚会、仪式和休闲活动。四合院是中国文化遗产 的重要组成部分，可以在北京和中国北部的许多地区找到。 Peking Opera (京剧) Peking Opera, also known as Beijing Opera, is a traditional Chinese performing art that dates back to the late 18th century. It combines music, vocal performance, mime, dance, and acrobatics, and is known for its colorful costumes and intricate makeup. Peking Opera has a wide repertoire of over 1,000 works, and is recognized as a masterpiece of Chinese cultural heritage. 京剧，也称为北京戏，是一种可以追溯到 18 世纪末的中国传统表演艺术。它结合了音乐、声乐表 演、默剧、舞蹈和杂技，以其丰富多彩的服装和精致的化妆而著名。京剧有广泛的曲目，超过 1000 部作品，并被公认为中国文化遗产的杰作。 Shadow Puppetry (皮影戏) Shadow Puppetry is a traditional form of Chinese storytelling that originated over 2,000 years ago. It involves the use of intricately designed puppets made of leather or paper, which are manipulated by skilled puppeteers behind a lit screen to create the illusion of moving shadows. Shadow Puppetry is often accompanied by traditional music and is a popular art form throughout China. 皮影戏是中国传统的讲故事艺术形式，起源于两千多年前。它涉及使用由皮革或纸制成的复杂设计 的木偶，由熟练的木偶师在灯光下操作，营造出移动影像的错觉。皮影戏通常伴随着传统音乐，并 且在中国各地都是一种受欢迎的艺术形式。 Tai Chi (太极) Tai Chi, also known as Tai Chi Chuan, is a Chinese martial art that originated in the 17th century. It involves slow and graceful movements that are believed to improve balance, flexibility, and overall physical and mental well-being. Tai Chi is also considered a form of meditation, with practitioners often focusing on their breath and inner energy. 太极，也称为太极拳，是一种源于 17 世纪的中国武术。它涉及缓慢而优美的动作，被认为可以改 善平衡、灵活性和整体身心健康。太极也被视为一种冥想形式，练习者常常专注于呼吸和内在能 量。 Chinese Crosstalk (对口相声) Chinese Crosstalk is a traditional comedic performance art that originated in the Qing Dynasty. It involves two performers who engage in rapid-fire dialogue, often using wordplay, puns, and other verbal techniques. It is a popular form of entertainment in China and is often performed in theaters, on television, and on the street. 对口相声是一种传统的喜剧表演艺术，起源于清朝。它涉及两名表演者进行快节奏的对话，经常使 用文字游戏，双关语和其他口头技巧。它是中国的一种受欢迎的娱乐形式，经常在剧院，电视和街 头表演。 Acrobatics (杂技) Acrobatics is a form of performing art that has a long history in China. It involves a variety of acrobatic skills, such as balancing, juggling, contortion, and aerial feats. Chinese acrobatics is known for its combination of strength, agility, and grace, and it is often accompanied by music, dance, and colorful costumes. 杂技是一种在中国有着悠久历史的表演艺术形式。它涉及各种杂技技巧，如平衡，杂耍，身体扭曲 和空中特技。中国的杂技以其力量，敏捷和优美的结合而闻名，并经常伴有音乐，舞蹈和色彩鲜艳 的服装。 Chinese Martial Arts (中国武术) Chinese martial arts, also known as Wushu, is a practice that has been around for thousands of years. It includes a variety of combat styles, such as Tai Chi, Kung Fu, and Wudang. Chinese martial arts are not just about physical strength, but also about cultivating one's mind and spirit. They emphasize the values of discipline, perseverance, and respect. 中国武术，也被称为武术，是一个已有数千年历史的练习。它包括各种战斗风格，如太极拳，功夫 和武当。中国武术不仅关注身体力量，还关注修炼自己的思想和精神。它们强调纪律，毅力和尊重 的价值观。 Yue Opera (越剧) Yue Opera, also known as Shaoxing Opera, is a traditional opera genre originating from the city of Shaoxing in Zhejiang province. It has a history of over 100 years and is known for its elegant and delicate singing style, as well as its beautiful and colorful costumes. The music of Yue Opera is typically accompanied by a small ensemble of traditional Chinese instruments, and the plots often revolve around love stories and historical events. 越剧，又称绍兴戏，是起源于浙江省绍兴市的一种传统戏曲体裁。它有 100 多年的历史，以其优美 细腻的唱腔和美丽多彩的服饰而闻名。越剧的音乐通常由传统中国乐器的小合奏组成，剧情常围绕 着爱情故事和历史事件展开。 Tang Costume (唐装) Tang Costume, also known as Hanfu, refers to the traditional clothing worn by people in the Tang Dynasty. It is characterized by its loose and flowing style, with long, wide sleeves and a distinctive cross-collar design. Tang Costume is often made from highquality silk, and is adorned with intricate embroidery and decorative patterns. 唐装，也称汉服，指的是唐代人穿的传统服装。它以宽松流畅的风格为特点，有着长长的宽袖和独 特的交叉领设计。唐装通常用优质的丝绸制成，并饰以精美的刺绣和装饰图案。 Qipao (旗袍) Qipao, also known as Cheongsam, is a traditional Chinese dress that originated in the 1920s. It is known for its elegant and form-fitting design, which features a high collar, tight waist, and a long, narrow skirt that falls to the ankles. Qipaos are typically made from high-quality silk or brocade, and are often adorned with intricate embroidery and delicate patterns. 旗袍，也称旗袍，是 20 世纪 20 年代起源于中国的传统服装。它以其优雅和紧身的设计而闻名，包 括高领，紧腰和长长的窄裙，垂至脚踝。旗袍通常用优质的丝绸或锦缎制成，并常常饰以精美的刺 绣和精致的图案。 Guqin (古筝) Guqin, also known as the "zither," is a plucked string instrument that originated in ancient China. It has been played for thousands of years and is considered one of the oldest Chinese musical instruments. The guqin has a soft and delicate tone, and is often associated with the literati and scholars. It has been an important part of traditional Chinese music and culture, and is still played today. 古筝，又称“琴”，是一种起源于中国古代的弹拨弦乐器。它已有几千年的历史，被认为是中国最古 老的乐器之一。古筝具有柔和细腻的音色，常常被与文人学士联系在一起。它是中国传统音乐和文 化的重要组成部分，至今仍有人演奏。 Erhu (二胡) The erhu is a two-stringed bowed musical instrument, also known as the "Chinese violin." It is believed to have originated in China during the Tang Dynasty, and has since become one of the most popular Chinese instruments. The erhu has a unique sound and can express a wide range of emotions, making it a popular choice in both traditional and modern Chinese music. 二胡是一种两弦弓弦乐器，也被称为“中国小提琴”。它据信起源于中国唐朝，之后成为中国最受欢 迎的乐器之一。二胡具有独特的声音，能够表达各种情感，因此在传统和现代中国音乐中都很受欢 迎。 Oracle bone script (甲骨文) Oracle bone script is one of the earliest forms of written Chinese language. It was used during the Shang Dynasty in China, from the 14th to the 11th century BCE. The script was carved onto turtle shells or animal bones, which were then used for divination purposes. The inscriptions on the bones contain valuable information on topics such as divination, politics, and religion, making them an important historical artifact and an important source of knowledge about ancient Chinese civilization. 甲骨文是中国最早的书写形式之一，用于中国商代，公元前 14 世纪至公元前 11 世纪。甲骨文是刻 在龟壳或动物骨骼上的文字，用于占卜。骨骼上的铭文包含了有关占卜、政治和宗教等方面的重要 信息，使其成为重要的历史文物和了解中国古代文明的重要知识来源。 Hereditary System (世袭制度) The hereditary system refers to the practice of passing down titles, positions, and property from one generation to the next within a family. In China, this system was prominent throughout many dynasties, including the Zhou, Han, Tang, and Ming dynasties. The hereditary system had a significant impact on Chinese society, as it helped to perpetuate the power and wealth of certain families, while limiting opportunities for upward mobility among the lower classes. 世袭制度是指在一个家族内将头衔、职位和财产代代相传的做法。在中国，这个制度贯穿许多朝 代，包括周、汉、唐和明朝。世袭制度对中国社会产生了重大影响，它有助于延续某些家族的权力 和财富，同时限制了下层阶级向上流动的机会。 Dynasties (朝代) The dynasties of China refer to the series of rulers who were in power over a particular period of time. China has had many dynasties throughout its history, including the Xia, Shang, Zhou, Han, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties. Each dynasty played a unique role in shaping the course of Chinese history and culture, and many of them left a lasting legacy that is still felt today. 中国的朝代指的是在某个时期内掌握权力的一系列统治者。中国历史上有许多朝代，包括夏、商、 周、汉、唐、宋、元、明和清朝。每个朝代在塑造中国历史和文化的过程中都起到了独特的作用， 其中许多留下了至今仍然能够感受到的持久影响。 Warring States Period (战国时期) The Warring States Period was a time of political turmoil and military conflict in ancient China, lasting from 475 BCE to 221 BCE. During this period, the Zhou Dynasty had lost its power, and the various states vied for dominance. The Warring States Period was characterized by an increase in military technology and strategy, as well as the emergence of influential philosophers like Confucius and Laozi. The period ultimately ended with the unification of China under the Qin Dynasty. 战国时期是中国古代的政治动荡和军事冲突时期，持续时间为公元前 475 年至公元前 221 年。在 这个时期，周朝失去了其权力，各个诸侯国争夺霸权。战国时期的特点是军事技术和战略的增加， 以及像孔子和老子这样有影响力的哲学家的出现。这个时期最终在秦朝统一中国时结束。 The Three Kingdoms (三国) The Three Kingdoms period in Chinese history lasted from 220-280 AD and was marked by a series of conflicts and power struggles between the Wei, Shu, and Wu kingdoms. This period is famous for its military tactics, strategic alliances, and iconic historical figures such as Zhuge Liang and Cao Cao. 三国时期是中国历史上从公元 220 年到 280 年的一个时期，其特点是魏、蜀、吴三个国家之间的 一系列冲突和权力斗争。这个时期以其军事战术、战略联盟和著名历史人物如诸葛亮和曹操而闻 名。 Emperor Qin Shi Huang (秦始皇) Emperor Qin Shi Huang, also known as the First Emperor of Qin, was the founder of the Qin Dynasty and the first emperor to unify China. During his reign, he standardized weights and measures, introduced a uniform system of writing, and built the Great Wall of China. He is also famous for his tomb, which contains the terracotta army of over 8,000 life-sized soldiers and horses. 秦始皇，又称秦始皇帝，是秦朝的创始人，也是中国第一位统一全国的皇帝。在他的统治期间，他 标准化了重量和度量衡，引入了一种统一的书写系统，修建了中国的长城。他的陵墓也很有名，其 中包含超过 8,000 个真人大小的兵马俑。 Empress Dowager (皇太后) The Empress Dowager, or Huang Taihou in Chinese, was a powerful figure during the Qing dynasty. She was the mother of the emperor and often acted as regent when he was too young or inexperienced to rule. Empress Dowager Cixi is perhaps the most well-known example, as she held considerable power for over four decades and was involved in numerous political and cultural reforms. 皇太后在中国历史上是指已故皇帝的母亲或寡居的皇后。她们在后宫中有着重要的地位，可以对朝 政产生一定的影响力，有时甚至可以实际上掌握政权。 Scholar-officials (士大夫) Scholar-officials were a social class of educated men who held government positions in imperial China. They were selected through rigorous examinations that tested their knowledge of classical Confucian texts and their ability to apply those principles to practical governance. Scholar-officials were highly respected and influential in Chinese society, and their emphasis on education and meritocracy helped shape Chinese culture and society for centuries. 士大夫是受过教育的男性社会阶层，他们在中国帝制时期担任政府职务。他们通过严格的考试选 拔，考察他们对古代儒家经典文献的了解程度，以及能否将这些原则应用于实际治理中。士大夫在 中国社会中备受尊重和有影响力，他们对教育和功绩制度的重视为中国的文化和社会发展奠定了基 础，影响了几个世纪。 Regional Princes (诸侯) Regional princes, or zhuhou in Chinese, were semi-autonomous rulers of provinces or territories under the control of the central government during the Zhou Dynasty. The system of regional princes was an important mechanism for maintaining political stability and promoting cultural unity throughout ancient China. However, as the power of the central government grew, the role and influence of the regional princes declined. 诸侯是指在周朝时期，中央政府管辖下的半自治的诸省或领土的统治者。诸侯制度是维 护中国古代政治稳定和促进文化统一的重要机制。然而，随着中央政府的权力不断增长，诸侯的作 用和影响力逐渐下降。 Chancellor (宰相) Chancellor, or zai xiang in Chinese, was a high-ranking official who served as the chief minister or prime minister in imperial China. The chancellor was responsible for advising the emperor on matters of state, managing the day-to-day affairs of the government, and overseeing the appointment and dismissal of other officials. The position of chancellor was highly coveted and prestigious, and many famous historical figures, such as Zhuge Liang and Wen Jiabao, have held this office. 宰相是指在中国帝制时期担任首席大臣或总理的高级官员。宰相负责就国家事务向皇帝提供建议、 管理政府的日常事务，并监督其他官员的任免。宰相职位备受追捧和崇高，许多著名的历史人物， 如诸葛亮和温家宝，曾担任过这个职位。 Western Regions (西域) The Western Regions, also known as the Western Territories or the Western Frontier, refer to the vast region beyond the Great Wall in ancient China. It was a crucial part of the ancient Silk Road, connecting China to Central Asia, the Middle East, and eventually Europe. The Western Regions were home to a diverse range of cultures and religions, including Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, and Nestorian Christianity, and played an important role in the exchange of goods, ideas, and technologies between China and the rest of the world. 西域，又称西域地区或西域边疆，指古代中国长城以外的广阔地区。它是古代丝绸之路的重要组成 部分，连接着中国、中亚、中东和最终的欧洲。西域是许多不同文化和宗教的家园，包括佛教、祆 教和景教，它在中国与世界其他地区的商品、思想和技术交流中扮演着重要的角色。 Wuxia novels (武侠小说) Wuxia novels are a popular genre of Chinese fiction that typically feature martial arts, chivalry, and romance. They often depict heroes with extraordinary martial arts skills who fight for justice and righteousness, and are set in a fantastical version of ancient China. Some of the most famous wuxia novels include "The Legend of the Condor Heroes," "The Return of the Condor Heroes," and "The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber." 武侠小说是中国小说的一种流行体裁，通常以武术、侠义和浪漫为特色。它们经常描绘具有非凡武 术技能的英雄为正义和公理而战，而且设置在一个幻想的古代中国版本中。一些最著名的武侠小说 包括《射雕英雄传》、《神雕侠侣》和《倚天屠龙记》。 Eight-legged essay (八股文) The Eight-legged essay was a style of essay writing that was used in imperial examinations during the Ming and Qing dynasties in China. It required writers to follow a strict set of rules and guidelines, including the use of eight different types of sentences and a specific structure for each paragraph. The content of the essays was often formulaic and focused on Confucian philosophy and political theory. 八股文是在中国明清时期的科举考试中使用的一种论文写作风格。它要求作者遵循严格的规则和指 南，包括使用八种不同类型的句子和每段落都有一个特定的结构。论文的内容通常是公式化的，并 集中于儒家哲学和政治理论。 Five-character quatrain (五言绝句) The Five-character quatrain is a type of Chinese poetry that consists of four lines of five Chinese characters each. It is one of the most popular forms of Classical Chinese poetry and is often used to express emotions and feelings in a concise and elegant manner. Some of the most famous Five-character quatrains include "静夜思" (Thoughts on a Tranquil Night) by Li Bai and "登高" (Ascending the Heights) by Tao Yuanming. 五言绝句是一种中国诗歌形式，由四行组成，每行五个汉字。它是古典中国诗歌中最受欢迎的形式 之一，经常用于以简洁优雅的方式表达情感和感受。一些最著名的五言绝句包括李白的《静夜思》 和陶渊明的《登高》。 Seven-character regulated verse (七言律诗) Seven-character regulated verse is a form of poetry that has a fixed pattern of sevencharacter lines and strict tonal requirements. It was popularized during the Tang Dynasty and reached its peak during the Song Dynasty. Seven-character regulated verse is known for its elegance and versatility, and many famous poets, such as Wang Wei and Li Bai, have contributed to its development. 七言律诗是一种诗歌形式，具有七个字的固定行和严格的音调要求。它在唐朝时期得到了流行，并 在宋朝达到了巅峰。七言律诗以其优美和多才多艺而闻名，许多著名的诗人，如王维和李白，都为 它的发展做出了贡献。 Misty poetry (朦胧诗) Misty poetry is a literary movement that emerged in the 1970s in China, and it is characterized by its ambiguity, vagueness, and indirectness. The poets of the Misty school often use unconventional imagery and metaphors to express their feelings and ideas. They were often critical of the cultural and political climate of the time and used their poetry as a means of social commentary. 朦胧诗是在 1970 年代在中国出现的文学运动，其特点是含糊、模糊和间接。朦胧派的诗人常常使 用非传统的意象和隐喻来表达他们的感情和思想。他们常常批评当时的文化和政治气候，并把他们 的诗歌作为社会评论的手段。 Poet (诗人) A poet is a writer who uses language to evoke emotions and express ideas through the use of rhythm, imagery, and metaphor. In Chinese literary history, there have been many famous poets who have contributed greatly to the development of Chinese poetry, such as Li Bai, Du Fu, and Su Shi. Poetry has been an important part of Chinese culture for centuries and continues to be an influential art form today. 诗人是一位通过运用韵律、意象和隐喻来唤起情感并表达思想的作家。在中国文学史上，有许多著 名的诗人为中国诗歌的发展做出了巨大的贡献，如李白、杜甫和苏轼。诗歌已经是中国文化的重要 组成部分几个世纪，并且仍然是一个有影响力的艺术形式。 The Six Arts (六艺) The Six Arts refer to the six subjects that were traditionally studied in ancient China's education system. These subjects included rites, music, archery, charioteering, calligraphy, and mathematics. The Six Arts were believed to be essential for a wellrounded education, and students were expected to become proficient in all of them. 六艺指的是古代中国教育体系中传统的六门学科。这些学科包括礼、乐、射、御、书、数。六艺被 认为对于全面教育至关重要，学生应该在所有学科中都能够熟练掌握。 Folk Art (民间艺术) Folk art in China refers to the various forms of art that are created by ordinary people rather than by professional artists. It includes a wide range of art forms, such as paper-cutting, embroidery, clay figurines, shadow puppetry, and folk music. Folk art often reflects the customs, traditions, and beliefs of a particular region or community. 中国的民间艺术指的是由普通人而非专业艺术家创作的各种艺术形式。它包括许多艺术形式，如剪 纸、刺绣、泥塑、皮影戏和民间音乐。民间艺术常常反映了一个特定地区或社区的风俗、传统和信 仰。 Chinese Literature (中国文学) Chinese literature is one of the oldest and richest literary traditions in the world, with a history that spans thousands of years. It includes a wide range of literary genres, such as poetry, prose, drama, and novels. Chinese literature has been greatly influenced by the country's unique cultural and historical background, as well as its language and writing systems. 中国文学是世界上最古老、最丰富的文学传统之一，它的历史跨越数千年。它包括广泛的文学类 型，如诗歌、散文、戏剧和小说。中国文学受到了国家独特的文化和历史背景，以及语言和写作体 系的极大影响。 Chinese calligraphy (中国书法) Chinese calligraphy is an artistic form of writing that has been practiced for thousands of years in China. It is considered one of the highest forms of Chinese art and is often referred to as the "art of writing." Chinese calligraphy uses a special set of brushes and ink to create beautiful and elegant characters, and each stroke is carefully planned and executed. It is not only a means of communication but also a form of meditation and self-expression. 中国书法是中国历经几千年的一种艺术书写形式。它被认为是中国艺术的最高形式之一，通常被称 为“书法艺术”。中国书法使用一套特殊的笔刷和墨水来创造美丽而优雅的字体，每个笔画都经过仔 细的规划和执行。它不仅是一种交流方式，还是一种冥想和自我表达的形式。 Costume dramas (古装片) Costume dramas, also known as historical dramas, are a popular genre of Chinese television and film that are set in various periods of Chinese history. These dramas often feature elaborate costumes, intricate sets, and complex storylines that revolve around historical events and figures. Costume dramas have been a staple of Chinese entertainment for decades, and many of them have become international hits, such as "The Story of Yanxi Palace" and "Nirvana in Fire." 古装片，也称为历史剧，是中国电视和电影中流行的一种类型，设定在中国历史的不同时期。这些 剧通常以华丽的服装、精美的场景和围绕历史事件和人物的复杂情节为特点。古装片是中国娱乐的 主要组成部分数十年，其中许多已经成为国际热门，如《延禧攻略》和《琅琊榜》。 Chinese painting (国画) Chinese painting is a traditional form of art that has been practiced for thousands of years in China. It is characterized by its use of special brushes, ink, and paper, and its focus on expressing the beauty and harmony of nature. Chinese painting often features landscapes, animals, flowers, and calligraphy, and it is known for its simple and elegant style. Many famous Chinese painters, such as Wu Guanzhong and Qi Baishi, have made significant contributions to the development of Chinese painting. 国画是中国历经几千年的一种传统艺术形式。它以特殊的笔刷、墨水和纸张为特色，以表现自然之 美和和谐为重点。中国画常常描绘风景、动物、花卉和书法，并以其简单而优雅的风格而闻名。许 多著名的中国画家，如吴冠中和齐白石，对中国画的发展做出了重要贡献。 Confucianism (儒学) Confucianism is a philosophical and ethical system that originated in ancient China and has influenced Chinese culture and society for thousands of years. The teachings of Confucius emphasize the importance of moral values such as benevolence, righteousness, and filial piety, as well as social harmony and order. Confucianism also includes the study of history, poetry, and rituals, and it has had a profound impact on education and government in China. 儒学是一种哲学和伦理体系，起源于古代中国，影响了中国文化和社会数千年。孔子的教诲强调道 德价值的重要性，如仁、义、孝顺，以及社会和谐和秩序。儒学还包括历史、诗歌和礼仪的研究， 并对中国的教育和政府产生了深远影响。 Confucius (孔子) Confucius was a Chinese philosopher and politician who lived in the 6th century BCE. He is known for his teachings on moral values, education, and governance, which have had a profound impact on Chinese culture and society. Confucius believed that social order and harmony could be achieved through personal moral cultivation and the pursuit of knowledge. His teachings were compiled in the Analects, a collection of his sayings and teachings, and have been studied and revered by generations of scholars and leaders. 孔子是一位生活在公元前 6 世纪的中国哲学家和政治家。他以其关于道德价值、教育和治理的教诲 而闻名，对中国文化和社会产生了深远影响。孔子认为，通过个人道德修养和追求知识可以实现社 会秩序和和谐。他的教诲被编入《论语》中，这是他的格言和教诲的集合，并被一代代学者和领袖 所学习和敬仰。 Mencius (孟子) Mencius was a Chinese philosopher who lived during the 4th century BCE. He is known for his elaboration and development of Confucian philosophy, particularly in his emphasis on the innate goodness of human nature. Mencius believed that human beings are born with a natural inclination towards morality and that society should be organized to encourage and develop this innate virtue. His teachings on government, education, and human nature have had a lasting impact on Chinese culture and philosophy. 孟子是一位生活在公元前 4 世纪的中国哲学家。他以详细阐述和发展儒家哲学而闻名，特别是在强 调人性的天然善良方面。孟子认为，人类天生具有道德倾向，社会应该组织起来鼓励和发展这种内 在的美德。他的政治、教育和人性教义对中国文化和哲学产生了持久的影响。 Legalism (法家) Legalism is a school of thought that emerged during the Warring States period of ancient China. It emphasized strict laws, harsh punishments, and the centralization of state power. Legalism believed that human nature was inherently selfish and needed to be controlled through a strong legal system. The most famous Legalist philosopher was Han Feizi. 法家是古代中国战国时期出现的一种思想流派，强调严格的法律、严厉的惩罚和国家权力的集中。 法家认为人性本质自私，需要通过强有力的法律制度来控制。最著名的法家思想家是韩非子。 Mohism (墨家) Mohism was a school of thought that emerged during the Warring States period and was founded by Mozi. It emphasized the importance of universal love, rational thinking, and practicality. Mohists believed in the concept of "impartial care," which means treating everyone equally and avoiding discrimination. They also believed in pacifism and were critical of the military aggression that was prevalent during their time. 墨家是战国时期出现的一种思想流派，由墨子创立。它强调普遍的爱、理性思维和实用性。墨家信 仰“兼爱”思想，即平等地对待每个人，避免歧视。他们也信奉和平主义，批评当时普遍存在的军事 侵略行为。 Filial piety (孝顺) Filial piety is a concept that emphasizes the importance of respecting and caring for one's parents and elders. It is considered one of the fundamental virtues in Chinese culture, and it has played a significant role in shaping social norms and family relationships. The idea of filial piety can be traced back to Confucianism and is reflected in many Chinese traditions and customs. 孝顺是强调尊重和关心自己的父母和长辈的概念。它被认为是中国文化中的基本美德之一，对于塑 造社会规范和家庭关系发挥了重要作用。孝顺的概念可以追溯到儒家思想，并反映在许多中国传统 和习俗中。 The Doctrine of the Mean (中庸) The Doctrine of the Mean is a Confucian text that elaborates on the principles of Confucianism. It emphasizes the importance of balance, harmony, and moderation in all aspects of life, and promotes the idea of finding the middle way between extremes. The text is attributed to Confucius and his disciple Zengzi, and is considered one of the Four Books of Confucianism. 《中庸》是一部详细阐述儒家思想原则的经典著作。它强调在生活的各个方面都要保持平衡、和谐 和适度，并倡导在极端之间寻找中庸之道的思想。这部经典被认为是儒家经典《四书》之一，是孔 子及其弟子曾子的著作。 Mythology (神话) Mythology in China refers to a collection of stories, legends, and beliefs that have been passed down through generations. Chinese mythology is rich and diverse, with a pantheon of gods and goddesses, heroes and heroines, monsters and creatures, and supernatural beings. It includes stories of creation, the origins of the universe and the world, and explanations of natural phenomena, as well as moral and ethical teachings. 中国神话是指一系列由代代相传的故事、传说和信仰。中国神话丰富多彩，包括了众多神祇、英 雄、妖魔、怪物和超自然存在。它包括了创世记、宇宙和世界的起源故事、自然现象的解释以及道 德教导等。 The Jade Emperor(玉皇大帝) The Jade Emperor is a deity in Chinese mythology and religion, who is believed to be the supreme ruler of heaven and earth. He is often depicted as a wise old man wearing a crown and robes, holding a jade tablet and a rod of authority. The Jade Emperor is associated with the Chinese New Year and is worshipped in many Chinese temples and households. 玉皇大帝是中国神话和宗教中的一位神祇，被认为是天地的至高统治者。他通常被描绘为一个戴着 皇冠和长袍的智慧老人，手持玉简和权杖。玉皇大帝与中国新年有关，并在许多中国寺庙和家庭中 受到崇拜。 Monkey King (美猴王) Monkey King, also known as Sun Wukong, is a legendary figure in Chinese mythology and a main character in the novel "Journey to the West." He is a mischievous and powerful monkey who possesses magical abilities and incredible strength. Monkey King is known for his rebellious spirit and his journey to India with the monk Xuanzang to retrieve Buddhist scriptures. 美猴王，又称孙悟空，是中国神话中的传奇人物，也是小说《西游记》的主角之一。他是一只调皮 而强大的猴子，拥有魔法能力和惊人的力量。美猴王以他的叛逆精神和他与僧人玄奘一起前往印度 取回佛经的旅程而闻名。 Literary men and beautiful women (才子佳人) The term "cai zi jia ren" refers to a group of people in Chinese history who were known for their literary talent and physical beauty. They were often associated with the decadent and hedonistic lifestyle of the literati in ancient China. Some famous examples include Yang Guifei, one of Emperor Xuanzong's favorite concubines, and Li Qingzhao, a renowned poetess of the Song Dynasty. “才子佳人”一词指的是中国历史上以其文学才华和外貌美丽而闻名的一群人。他们经常被与中国古 代文人的颓废和享乐主义生活方式联系在一起。一些著名的例子包括杨贵妃，唐玄宗最喜爱的妃子 之一，以及李清照，宋朝著名的女词人。